Large scale and regional demographic responses to climatic changes in Europe during the Final Palaeolithic

The European Final Palaeolithic witnessed marked changes in almost all societal domains. Despite a rich body of evidence, our knowledge of human palaeodemographic processes and regional population dynamics still needs to be improved. In this study, we present regionally differentiated population estimates for the Greenland Interstadial 1d-a (GI-1d-a; 14-12.7 ka cal BP) and the Greenland Stadial 1 (GS-1; 12.7-11.6 ka cal BP) for Southern, Western, Northern and Central Europe. The data were obtained by applying the Cologne Protocol, a geostatistical approach for estimating prehistoric population size and density, to a newly compiled dataset of Final Palaeolithic sites. On a large spatio-temporal scale and compared to preceding Upper Palaeolithic phases, areas north of the Alps become the dominant demographic growth area for the first time since the dispersal of anatomically modern humans into Europe. At smaller scales, we observe divergent regional trends, with a conspicuous lack of archaeological evidence appearing in previously occupied areas of central France and Germany. Our study also shows that during the Final Palaeolithic, the climatic cooling of GS-1 coincides with a pronounced population decline in most parts of the study area. An apparent increase in population density occurs only in north-eastern Central Europe and north-eastern Italy. Our estimates suggest that the total population was reduced by half. Similar results, with a relationship between decreasing temperatures and decreasing populations, have already been observed for the late phase of the Gravettian, when populations were reduced to only one third of those estimated for the early phase. Yet, in contrast to the collapse of local populations during the late Gravettian, the increase in population densities in Central Europe during GS-1 indicates population movements eastwards, possibly in response to deteriorating climatic conditions, particularly in western regions during the Younger Dryas.

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Journal
PLoS ONE
Published
2025-04-02
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310942
Citations
4
Primary Topic
Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
45.38

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article

Large scale and regional demographic responses to climatic changes in Europe during the Final Palaeolithic

Nicolas Naudinot, Iwona Sobkowiak‐Tabaka, Florian Sauer, Álvaro Arrizabalaga Valbuena et al.
4 citations
PLoS ONE
Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
45.38
article

Large scale and regional demographic responses to climatic changes in Europe during the Final Palaeolithic

Nicolas Naudinot, Iwona Sobkowiak‐Tabaka, Florian Sauer, Álvaro Arrizabalaga Valbuena, Annabell Zander, Sonja B. Grimm, Philippe Crombé, Birgit Gehlen, Werner Schön, Andreas Maier, Mathieu Langlais, Katarína Kapustka, M.J.L.Th. Niekus, K. Winkler, Hans Vandendriessche, Ludovic Mevel, Felix Riede, Berit Valentin Eriksen, Nico Arts, Marco Peresani, Mara-Julia Weber, Zdeňka Nerudová, Isabell Schmidt, Andreas Zimmermann, Nuno Bicho
article en
4 citations

Abstract

The European Final Palaeolithic witnessed marked changes in almost all societal domains. Despite a rich body of evidence, our knowledge of human palaeodemographic processes and regional population dynamics still needs to be improved. In this study, we present regionally differentiated population estimates for the Greenland Interstadial 1d-a (GI-1d-a; 14-12.7 ka cal BP) and the Greenland Stadial 1 (GS-1; 12.7-11.6 ka cal BP) for Southern, Western, Northern and Central Europe. The data were obtained by applying the Cologne Protocol, a geostatistical approach for estimating prehistoric population size and density, to a newly compiled dataset of Final Palaeolithic sites. On a large spatio-temporal scale and compared to preceding Upper Palaeolithic phases, areas north of the Alps become the dominant demographic growth area for the first time since the dispersal of anatomically modern humans into Europe. At smaller scales, we observe divergent regional trends, with a conspicuous lack of archaeological evidence appearing in previously occupied areas of central France and Germany. Our study also shows that during the Final Palaeolithic, the climatic cooling of GS-1 coincides with a pronounced population decline in most parts of the study area. An apparent increase in population density occurs only in north-eastern Central Europe and north-eastern Italy. Our estimates suggest that the total population was reduced by half. Similar results, with a relationship between decreasing temperatures and decreasing populations, have already been observed for the late phase of the Gravettian, when populations were reduced to only one third of those estimated for the early phase. Yet, in contrast to the collapse of local populations during the late Gravettian, the increase in population densities in Central Europe during GS-1 indicates population movements eastwards, possibly in response to deteriorating climatic conditions, particularly in western regions during the Younger Dryas.

PLoS ONEVol. 20(4)
Leiden University (NL), HOGENT University of Applied Sciences and Arts (BE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), Bureau of Land Management (US), Université de Bordeaux (FR), University of Cologne (DE), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE), University of Ferrara (IT), Aarhus University (DK), Ghent University Hospital (BE), Ghent University (BE), Université Paris Nanterre (FR), Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering (IT), Moravian Museum (CZ), Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Prague (CZ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (FR), Amt für Archäologie (CH), Centro de Tecnologías Aeronauticas (Spain) (ES), Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen (DE), University of Rostock (DE), University of York (GB), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (PL), University of Algarve (PT)
European Commission, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Ministerium für Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council
Climate action
Openalex Percentile: Top 0%
Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
45.38
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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