THE CONSTITUTION OF MEDINA AND ITS ROLE IN ORGANIZING SOCIETY: A STUDY OF OBJECTIVES

Before the mission of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), various tribes and religions existed in Yathrib, including tribes such as Banu Al-Nadir, Banu Qaynuqa, Banu Qurayza, Aws, Khazraj, Qurashis, and others. There were also diverse religions, including Muslims, Jews, and polytheists. All these components lived in separate fortresses and possessed significant wealth due to their involvement in trade and usury. When the Prophet (peace be upon him) arrived in the city, he worked on establishing a national unity that would include all these diverse ethnicities and religions. He wrote a document between the Muhajirun (emigrants) and the Ansar (helpers), which also included treaties with the Jews, guaranteeing their rights to their religion and property. This document, known as the Constitution of Medina, demonstrated remarkable legislative capability and deep understanding of the people's conditions. This research will, God willing, undertake a study of the objectives behind the articles of the Constitution of Medina, linking them to the broader objectives of Islamic law to understand the aims that were achieved at that time, which led to the organization of public life in the city socially, economically, and militarily. It began by declaring it the first civil society governed by a social contract agreed upon by all parties, allowing them to live together in peace and harmony, except for those who opposed it. This was crowned by the recognition of all its components of this leadership. This research will be presented, God willing, in an introduction, three main sections, and a conclusion, along with a list of sources and references.