A Fuzzy Decision-Making Approach to the Health Assessment and Optimization of Architecture-Dominated Outdoor Spaces in High-Density Urban Environments

As urbanization rapidly increases, the design of outdoor spaces in high-density urban environments has become crucial for promoting public health. This study investigates the health impacts of architecture-dominated outdoor spaces, particularly focusing on small decentralized spaces around buildings. The research aims to develop a comprehensive health evaluation framework that quantifies the influence of various design factors such as comfort, safety, diversity, and ecology. Using a fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), 31 key design indicators are identified and weighted based on expert opinions. A multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is then applied to assess the outdoor space of Wuhan Citizen’s Home. The results show that the space performs well in promoting health, particularly in comfort, safety, and ecological design. However, there are areas for improvement, such as enhancing cultural representation and increasing the frequency of health-promoting activities. This study concludes that the proposed evaluation framework can provide valuable insights for optimizing the design of outdoor public spaces, supporting healthier urban environments, and improving residents’ physical and mental well-being, offering valuable reference for future urban space design.