Effects of Visual Perception of Building Materials on Human Emotional States and Cognitive Functioning in a Physical Learning Environment

The influence of building materials on the physical aspects of educational spaces is significant, shaping both functionality and aesthetic appeal while directly affecting the emotional and cognitive states of students. Despite its significance, this area has not been extensively explored. This study investigated the effects of the visual perception of architectural materials on emotional states and cognitive functions in learning environments. Four materials, namely, red brick, concrete, wood, and white paint, were selected for a material substitution experiment conducted via VR simulations with 46 participants. To assess these effects, eye movement data and bioelectrical responses were methodically recorded, along with the participants’ self-reported emotional states through structured questionnaires. The results indicated that settings featuring wood and red bricks significantly enhanced emotional states, fostering relaxation and positive experiences that contributed to increased creativity. Conversely, settings with concrete and white paint improved cognitive functioning and promoted emotional stability and rational thinking, which enhanced focus and educational efficiency. These findings suggest the impact of visual perception of building materials on emotional and cognitive states, emphasizing the importance of material selection in creating learning spaces that balance cognitive demands with emotional activation. This study provides valuable insights for designing conducive physical learning environments and exploring the psychological and physiological effects of architectural materials.