Promoting motor skills in preschool age: a focus on balance regulation

<i>Objective</i>. This study examines the influence on balance regulation of a training program of targeted coordination exercises to improve balance skills in preschool children between the ages of 3 and 7 (in German 'Kindergarten'). On average, the children received targeted, age-appropriate training in basic coordination over a period of 3-4 years during their preschool years. The present results consider selected measurements of balance skills in 5- to 7-year-old children at the end or in the last third of the intervention period. It aims to determine if structured training programs can significantly improve postural control and serve as early interventions for enhancing motor skills.<i>Approach</i>. A cohort of 136 children participated in weekly two-hour coordination training over three years, focusing on foundational motor skills, including balance and spatial orientation. Postural control was measured using the Leonardo Mechanograph® GRFP LT force plate system, employing both linear and nonlinear analyses. The experimental group's performance was compared to a control group of 86 children who did not receive targeted training.<i>Main Results</i>. The experimental group exhibited significant improvements in balance regulation, reflected in steadier posture and reduced fluctuations (<i>p</i>< 0.01). Nonlinear analysis revealed increased stability and frequent occurrence of stationary balance phases. Linear discriminant analysis showed moderate separability (AUC = 0.69) between groups based on balance parameters. The findings underscore the role of intensive, targeted coordination training in enhancing neurophysiological modulation of postural control.<i>Significance</i>. The study highlights the potential of early, structured motor skill programs to address declining physical activity trends and improve holistic child development. These interventions could play a critical role in promoting health, preventing postural issues, and supporting cognitive and motor development in early childhood.