Evaluating sustainable wind energy sources with multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques

Rural regions with complex topographical constraints face significant challenges in implementing sustainable wind energy solutions due to variations in wind resource availability, infrastructure limitations, and policy gaps. To address this issue, this study integrates Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to systematically evaluate and prioritize various wind energy alternatives, considering technical, economic, environmental, and social factors. The PAPRIKA (Potentially All Pairwise RanKings of all possible Alternatives) method is employed to rank wind energy systems based on key criteria such as Capacity Factor, Environmental Impact, and Policy Framework. The findings indicate that Onshore Wind Turbines emerge as the most optimal solution (score: 69.9) due to superior energy production and cost-effectiveness (LCOE). Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (66.5) and Hybrid Wind Systems (60.8) follow, demonstrating balanced performance. Offshore Wind Turbines and Wind Farms with storage show promise but face grid integration and policy challenges, while Floating and Micro Wind Turbines rank lowest due to resource constraints. This research underscores the role of MCDM in integrating quantitative and qualitative assessments, providing a structured framework for energy planners and policymakers to make informed decisions. By optimizing wind energy deployment in rural settings, the study contributes to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7, 9, and 13, fostering a resilient, low-carbon, and inclusive energy transition.