Characteristics of percolation and permeation in aggregated groups containing heterogeneous agents

Percolation and permeation are key processes often examined in porous materials, but their exploration at the macroscopic level of group dynamics remains limited. This study investigates group percolation and permeation, with a particular emphasis on the role of heterogeneous individuals. A novel group interaction model, based on an artificial potential function, is developed to simulate individuals with different equilibrium radii, particularly those with timevarying radii. The model explores how dynamic group structures influence percolation and permeation processes. Simulation results demonstrate that time-varying equilibrium radii significantly affect group permeation, providing valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of these phenomena in collective systems.