Barriers and Enablers of Male Involvement in Maternal and Child Health: Insights from a Gendered Perspective in Rural Mwandi, Western Zambia

Male involvement in maternal and child health (MCH) is a vital pathway for addressing gender disparities in maternal and newborn care. However, in many African low- and middle-income countries, including Zambia, male participation remains a significant challenge. This study explored the factors influencing male involvement in MCH in Mwandi District using a qualitative case study design. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with frontline healthcare workers and community members and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis in Nvivo software. Findings revealed that economic constraints, traditional gender roles, cultural beliefs, and limited knowledge about maternal health significantly hinder male involvement. Men often prioritize breadwinning responsibilities, while cultural norms perceive MCH as a woman's duty. Nonetheless, younger men demonstrated a more progressive attitude toward shared responsibilities in parenting and maternal health. The study concludes that despite low male participation due to these barriers, community-based programs and government initiatives are making gradual progress in fostering male involvement. Evidence-based recommendations were provided to address the barriers and enhance male participation, ultimately improving health outcomes for women and children