Oxygen Vacancy Engineering for Enhancing Catalytic Performance in CO₂ Hydrogenation: Recent Advances and Future Directions

Abstract CO 2 is a major contributor to global warming, leading to severe environment and human health consequences. Catalytic hydrogenation has emerged as one of the most promising strategies to mitigate CO 2 emissions. However, the catalytic performance of existing catalysts remains suboptimal. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of oxygen vacancy (OV) engineering to enhance catalytic performance by activating reactants, accelerating electron transport, and tuning the surface chemical properties of catalysts. Despite its importance, a comprehensive review of OV engineering in CO 2 hydrogenation reactions is lacking. This review systematically examines recent advancements in OV engineering for the design of novel catalytic materials for CO 2 hydrogenation reactions. It covers key aspects such as construction methods, characterization techniques, and catalytic functions of OVs. Additionally, the review addresses the challenges in catalyst synthesis and characterization, while outlining potential future directions for the field. This review aims to provide valuable insights for the development of highly efficient CO 2 hydrogenation catalysts.