Non-Perturbative Quantum Yang–Mills at Finite Temperature Beyond Lattice: A Dyson–Schwinger Approach

Using a Dyson–Schwinger approach, we perform an analysis of the non-trivial ground state of thermal SU(N) Yang–Mills theory in the non-perturbative regime where chiral symmetry is dynamically broken by a mass gap. Basic thermodynamic observables such as energy density and pressure are derived analytically, using Jacobi elliptic functions. The results are compared with the lattice results. Good agreement is found at low temperatures, providing a viable scenario for a gas of massive glue states populating higher levels of the spectrum of the theory. At high temperatures, a scenario without glue states consistent with a massive scalar field is observed, showing an interesting agreement with lattice data. The possibility is discussed that the results derived in this analysis open up a novel pathway beyond lattice to precision studies of phase transitions with false vacuum and cosmological relics that depend on the equations of state in strong coupled gauge theories of the type of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD).