Water level estimation at 10 virtual stations in the Yarlung Zangbo River based on Jason-2/3 satellite altimeter data

The Yarlung Zangbo River, the world’s highest-altitude river, presents substantial challenges for hydrological research due to its intricate terrain and the scarcity of long-term observational data. Traditional monitoring techniques are often inadequate in this region, impeding a comprehensive understanding of its hydrological dynamics. Although advancements in satellite altimetry have enhanced measurement capabilities, the large radar footprint frequently exceeds the river’s width, resulting in imprecise water level estimations. To address these limitations, this study employs the ICE-1 waveform retracking algorithm along with TIC, a subwaveform identification technique, to refine water level processing. By calculating long-term water levels at 10 virtual stations and incorporating data from the Jason-2/3 satellites, this research provides a more nuanced understanding of hydrological patterns within the river.