The Economy of Dead Souls

This article investigates economic aspects of Nikolai Gogol’s Dead Souls based on the pragmatic triad consisting of such components as the author — the text — the reader. The reader, being an investigator, can perceive the text independently and analyze the actions of the characters as if they took place in real life. Pavel Chichikov’s project of purchasing dead souls is considered as a standard investment project which can be analyzed accordingly. Gogol was not planning to describe a certain town at a certain time. However, the text itself gives enough information to conclude that the novel is set in Pskov in the beginning of the 1830s and spans three weeks. Chichikov’s aim is to accumulate collateral sufficient to apply for a loan to the Treasury, so called Sokhrannaya Kazna. During intervals between population census dead peasants continued to be registered as alive, and for banks these were the documents that really mattered. Chichikov was planning to buy dead souls for a bargain price, to mortgage them in a bank and to receive a loan of 200 roubles for a soul. Overall, Chichikov became the owner of nearly 400 souls (our estimation shows that in fact there were 395 souls). Manilov transferred him souls as a gift. Korobochka received from Chichikov 16 roubles, Sobakevich — 187 roubles and 50 kopeks (according to our calculation), Plushkin — 24 roubles and 96 kopeks. Total Chichikov’s purchase costs were about 228 roubles. A simple calculation shows that with 395 souls bought for 228 roubles an average price for one soul was 58 kopeks. Expenditures for registration were 412 roubles. Adding the bribe, he had to give to an official, that was 437 roubles, which exceeded the sum he spent for purchasing dead souls. If we consider that the Treasury’s commission amounted to 1.5% of the loan, Chichikov could have received 77 815 roubles, which makes it a perfect bargain. However, Chichikov made serious mistakes. His marketing was too much aggressive — he should not have had dealings with Korobochka and Nozdrjov. Above all, he should not have stayed in the town after having registered his purchases. As a result, the truth was revealed due to the leak of information about the purchase of dead souls. Chichikov had to leave the town in great haste. Judging from the remaining chapters of the second volume of Dead Souls, the project of receiving a loan was not completed.