Development of Lignin – PVA Hydrogel and Its Application in Lead Removal for Waste Water Treatment.

Water is very essential part of life. Most form of life on earth depends on water directly or indirectly. Humans are almost >70 % water. Each individual consumes about 4 liters / day to continue its vital metabolic activities(Mitchell et al., 1945). Water is a vital natural resource that supports life on Earth, serving as a critical component in biological, chemical, and ecological processes. Covering approximately 71% of the Earth's surface, it exists in various forms, including liquid, solid, and vapor (Shiklomanov, 1993). Water plays a fundamental role in regulating Earth's climate by absorbing, storing, and redistributing heat (Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (Ipcc), 2023). It is essential for human survival, with uses ranging from drinking and agriculture to industrial processes. The hydrological cycle maintains its continuous movement through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and infiltration (Gleick, 1996). However, only 2.5% of Earth's water is freshwater, and less than 1% is accessible for human use, making conservation critical (Postel et al., 1996). Increasing demand, pollution, and climate change pose significant challenges to sustainable water management (Bates et al., 2008). Protecting water resources is vital for ecological balance and human development DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v15.i2.7832