SEMANTIC-TEXTUAL EXPERTISE OF NEGATIVE EVALUATION STATEMENT

The article is devoted to the semantic and textual analysis of statements that contain negative content, humiliate the honour and dignity of other persons and encourage actions against a particular person (group of persons) on the grounds of gender, race, nationality, language, origin and attitude to religion. Semantic and textual analysis examines the speech to determine whether it contains negative information, negative emotional assessments that can be considered insulting, an attack on the honour and dignity of a person, calls for certain actions, threats, etc. The linguistic analysis of the texts included the study of the lexical meaning of words and phrases, their stylistic colouring and the assessment of the information presented to determine whether it could be considered offensive or threatening to a particular person (group of persons). The world around us is divided by people in terms of its evaluative nature – good/evil, useful/harmful – and this division is socially determined and fixed in linguistic structures. In a negative statement the speaker reflects his/her negative attitude towards persons and objects, facts, events, phenomena of the world, expresses disapproval, condemnation. Explicit linguistic means of conveying negative evaluation include emotional connotations that denote negative emotions, experiences, and their emotional meaning is understandable out of context (nouns, adjectives, adverbs with denotative evaluative and emotional evaluative (subjective) semes: abomination, disgust, villain; unpunished, impudent, lying; rude, foolish, mocking; terrible, angry, cruel. To increase the value of evaluation in negative statements, reinforcing and selective particles (аж, навіть, вже ) and restrictive and indicative particles (лише, хоч би, виключно) are also used; modal words - special unchangeable parts of speech that express the speaker's subjective attitude to the statement (що й казати, так би мовити) and indicate varying degrees of confidence (звичайно, ймовірно, можливо); invective vocabulary – offensive words, swearwords, curses (рагуль, наволоч, монстр). The implicit linguistic ways of conveying a negative evaluation in negative statements, which must be taken into account in a semantic and textual analysis, include emotional connotations, the meaning of which only becomes clear in the context, in particular metaphor (пішак «великих гравців»), periphrasis (За роботу, панове недоторканні!), irony (стара квочка для нових облич), and so on. Among the lexemes reflecting a negative evaluation, we distinguish the following vocabulary words with a strong emotional colouring (вбивця, нелюді, злочинець); neutral vocabulary with a semantic negative evaluation (окупант, безумець, маніяк); pejoratives with a high degree of categoricality – colloquial, vernacular, slang linguistic units (брешуть на кожному кроці); lexical and semantic neologisms кнопкодав, ватнік, відморозки, за поребриком); occasionalisms (захочуть тебе використати, щоб «кабана поскубати» ... ми тебе «грітимемо», все буде гаразд). The analysis of the semantic and textual examination of negatively evaluative statements shows that modern offensive statements are dominated by peerotatives with a high degree of categoricality (unconditional, decisive, unquestioning) and the structure of their meaning includes the connotative aspect (negative emotional seme). Emotional connotations with a strong emotional colouring, as well as invective vocabulary, explicitly express a negative assessment in statements, which enables the addressee to influence the addressee(s). The connotative components of linguistic units and their communicative environment allow speakers to express a negative evaluation implicitly.