Exploring transient neurophysiological states through local and time-varying measures of information dynamics

Studying the temporal evolution of complex systems requires tools able to quantify the strength of predictable dynamics within their output signals. Among information theoretic measures, information storage (IS) reflects the regularity of system dynamics by measuring the information shared between the present and the past system states. While the conventional IS computation provides an overall measure of predictable information, transient behaviors of predictability occurring during system transitions can be assessed by time resolved measures such as the local information storage (L-IS) and the time-varying information storage (TV-IS). TV-IS tracks sudden changes of the information stored in the system, which is reflected in its average value computed over specific time intervals; on the other hand, the surprise originated by the emergence of a change in the predictability is reflected in the variance of the L-IS computed within specific time intervals. In neurophysiological applications, the distinct phenomena of respiratory activity in sleep apnea and brain activity during somatosensory stimulation both reveal a significant decrease of IS evoked by state transitions, highlighting how such transitions can inject new information in physiological systems, affecting significantly their internal dynamics. TV-IS and L-IS provide different and complementary information about the behavior of the systems under investigation, thereby offering valuable tools for the study of complex physiological systems where both stationary and non-stationary conditions may be present. • Time-resolved measures enhance our understanding of neurophysiological dynamics. • Local and time-varying measures reveal the emergence of a system state change. • Respiratory dynamics become unpredictable during sleep apnea episodes. • Somatosensory stimulation alters brain internal dynamics with reduced predictability. • Ready-to-use algorithms and codes for easy implementation.