RECURRENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS

The imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant factors leads to oxidative stress, which seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of both depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Because ROS is an essential mediator for the activation of pro-inflammatory signalling pathways, obesity and hyperglycaemia-induced ROS production may favour the induction of M1-like pro-inflammatory macrophages during the onset and progression of diabetes. By generating more reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulating markers of chronic inflammation, hyperglycaemia can lead to vascular dysfunction. Damage to cellular components brought on by an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generates pro-inflammatory molecules such as 4-hydroxynonenal, neoepitopes, and damage-associated molecular patterns, which in turn trigger the immune system and ultimately result in cell death. In MDD, oxidative stress-induced reductions in NO-dependent dilatation and alterations in vascular smooth muscle function are directly associated with microvascular dysfunction.