“Battery Management System using PWM Technique in Electric Vehicle.”

This paper presents the design and implementation of a Battery Management System (BMS) utilizing the ESP32 micro-controller in conjunction with voltage and current sensors to enhance battery performance and longevity. The proposed BMS continuously monitors critical parameters such as voltage and current, enabling real-time insights into battery health and operational efficiency. The ESP32 known for its low power consumption and integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, serves as the central processing unit, collecting sensor data and transmitting it to a cloud-based platform for analysis. The system incorporates Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques to regulate the charging and discharging processes effectively, ensuring optimal power delivery and minimizing energy losses. Additionally, the BMS employs cell balancing mechanisms to prevent over-voltage and under-voltage conditions, thereby enhancing overall battery lifespan. The methodology includes simulations using the Wokwi platform to refine the system's performance before hardware deployment. The results demonstrate that the integrated BMS significantly improves energy efficiency, safety, and reliability in battery-powered applications such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This comprehensive approach to battery management provides a scalable and efficient solution for modern energy storage systems. The simulation has been developed by using TinkerCAD software.