Advances in metamaterials for mechanical computing

Mechanical metamaterials are revolutionizing computation by offering a robust and energy-efficient alternative to traditional electronic systems. The field has seen remarkable progress; the structural design and functionality of mechanical metamaterials have advanced significantly, evolving from simple load-bearing enhancements to encompass logic computation and information storage through interconnected networks of mechanical binary and ternary units. This progress necessitates a comprehensive review to clarify the complexities of mechanical computing for a broader audience. This Review systematically explores the evolution of mechanical computing, from ancient mechanisms to modern electronic counterparts, highlighting how mechanical metamaterials uniquely address limitations in power consumption, scalability, and reliability, especially in extreme environments. We analyze the fundamental principles of mechanical metamaterial-based logic gates and information storage units, detailing their underlying mechanisms, design strategies, and diverse applications. Furthermore, we discuss the integration of these advanced materials into existing machinery, emphasizing the potential of programmable mechanical metamaterials to enhance functionality and create self-powered systems for advanced robotics and other applications. This Review concludes by proposing strategic directions for future research and innovation in this rapidly evolving field.