A Novel Biosensor for the Early Detection of Aethina tumida via Kodamaea ohmeri in Honeybee Colonies

<i>Aethina tumida</i>, commonly known as the small hive beetle, poses a threat to honeybee populations, particularly <i>Apis mellifera</i>, across several European regions. Originating in sub-Saharan Africa, there is a risk of the infestation spreading from Calabria, a region in the south of Italy. The essential role played by <i>Apis</i> spp. in pollination biodiversity preservation, agricultural productivity, and the overall economy is related to the dangers posed by the invasion of <i>Aethina tumida</i>. Current detection methods often fail to identify infestations early, leading to significant colony losses. We focused on creating a biosensor to improve the detection of <i>Kodamaea ohmeri</i>, a recently identified yeast that coexists symbiotically with <i>Aethina tumida</i>. The biosensor was designed to exploit the highly sensitive quartz crystal microbalance to identify a specific peptide linked to <i>Kodamaea ohmeri</i> in honey specimens. Its gold-plated surface over quartz was functionalized with an antibody effective in recognizing the peptide associated with <i>Kodamaea ohmeri</i>, a potential warning for detecting <i>Aethina tumida</i>. Preliminary results support the possibility of using such biosensor technology to detect infestation and enhance colony management techniques for honeybees, enabling beekeepers to implement prompt and focused treatments. In addition, reducing the size and cost of these biosensors and offering user training would be very helpful in having them used in beekeeping.