Advancements in gene therapy for lung cancer: from genetic insights to clinical applications

Gene therapy represents a transformative approach in lung cancer treatment, leveraging strategies such as gene replacement, editing and silencing to target oncogenes and restore tumor suppressor functions. Techniques like CRISPR/Cas9, RNA interference and viral vectors, including adenoviruses and Adeno-Associated Virus (AAVs), have shown promise in overcoming drug resistance and enhancing immune responses. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems, such as exosomes and liposomes, further improve precision and efficacy in gene delivery. Despite advancements, challenges like off-target effects, immune responses and tumor heterogeneity persist. Clinical trials, including CAR T-cell therapies and oncolytic viruses, highlight the potential of gene therapy, yet optimizing delivery and minimizing side effects remain critical for future progress. This review underscores the evolving landscape of gene therapy in lung cancer, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize treatment paradigms.