Boundary-Guided Contrastive Learning for Semi-Supervised Medical Image Segmentation

Semi-supervised learning methods, compared to fully supervised learning, offer significant potential to alleviate the burden of manual annotations on clinicians. By leveraging unlabeled data, these methods can aid in the development of medical image segmentation systems for improving efficiency. Boundary segmentation is crucial in medical image analysis. However, accurate segmentation of boundary regions is under-explored in existing methods since boundary pixels constitute only a small fraction of the overall image, resulting in suboptimal segmentation performance for boundary regions. In this paper, we introduce boundary-guided contrastive learning for semi-supervised medical image segmentation (BoCLIS). Specifically, we first propose conservative-to-radical teacher networks with an uncertainty-weighted aggregation strategy to generate higher quality pseudo-labels, enabling more efficient utilization of unlabeled data. To further improve the performance of segmentation in boundary regions, we propose a boundary-guided patch sampling strategy to guide the framework in learning discriminative representations for these regions. Lastly, the patch-based contrastive learning is proposed to simultaneously compute the (dis)similarities of the discriminative representations across intra- and inter-images. Extensive experiments on three public datasets show that our method consistently outperforms existing methods, especially in the boundary region, with DSC improvements of 20.47%, 16.75%, and 17.18%, respectively. A comprehensive analysis is further performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. Our code is released publicly at https://github.com/youngyzzZ/BoCLIS.