Nucleon microscopy in proton-nucleus scattering via analysis of bremsstrahlung emission: Role of incoherent emission

We investigate the electromagnetic form factors of protons in proton-nucleus scattering by analyzing experimental cross-sections of accompanying bremsstrahlung photons. A novel bremsstrahlung model for proton-nucleus scattering is developed, with a primary focus on previously unconsidered incoherent bremsstrahlung. In the analysis we select experimental bremsstrahlung data from $p+^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ scattering at a proton beam energy of 190 MeV obtained by the TAPS collaboration. Our findings are as follows: (1) The inclusion of incoherent emission in our calculations improves significantly the agreement with experimental data. Notably, the contribution of incoherent bremsstrahlung is substantially larger than that of coherent bremsstrahlung. (2) Incorporating form factors of the scattered proton enhances agreement with experimental data compared to calculations that do not include form factors alongside coherent and incoherent contributions. (3) The model exhibits high sensitivity in studying the form factors of the scattered proton. This presents a novel opportunity to investigate the internal structure of protons under the influence of nuclear forces in nuclear scattering.