Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Parthenium hysterophorus floral extract and their multifaceted biomedical applications

Nanoparticle synthesis using a biogenic approach provides a simpler, faster, and more eco-friendly alternative to conventional physico-chemical methods of nanoparticle production, minimizing environmental and toxicological impacts. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized in this work utilizing the floral extract of Parthenium hysterophorus , an invasive weed with allelopathic properties, which served as a natural reductant and stabilizer. This sustainable technique addresses the environmental concerns associated with nanoparticle synthesis while valorizing P. hysterophorus , a problematic species, into a valuable resource with potential therapeutic benefits. The attributes of biosynthesized AgNPs were examined using spectroscopic, microscopic and diffraction studies. Biological evaluations demonstrated significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial effectiveness was evaluated against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, along with fungal pathogen Candida albicans , with inhibitory and bactericidal/fungicidal activities examined using microdilution and subculturing techniques. This study underscores the dual benefits of a plant-based green synthesis approach and the promising biomedical potential of AgNPs, contributing to sustainable nanotechnology and the valorization of invasive plant species.