Comparative analysis of technology transfer models of Hungary and Israel

This study offers a comparative analysis of the technology transfer models in Hungary and Israel, focusing on the conversion of academic research into market-ready innovations. The research emphasizes traditional technology transfer mechanisms, particularly the roles of Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) and Technology Transfer Companies (TTCs). To assess the effectiveness of these models, apart from the literature review and secondary data analysis, six in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts from Hungary and Israel. This qualitative approach provided insights into the dynamics that shape technology transfer practices, highlighting differences between the two countries' systems. Israel's technology transfer is marked by flexibility and proactive government policies. Israeli TTCs prioritize licensing over patenting, which allows for greater adaptability in commercialization. This model supports continuous innovation by enabling universities to reclaim and further develop innovations if startups fail. In contrast, Hungary’s system, though evolving, tends to focus on patenting and direct commercialization, often missing opportunities for early-stage collaboration between academia and industry. The slower governmental response and weaker integration between universities and industry hinder the effectiveness of technology transfer in Hungary. The study suggests that Hungary could enhance its technology transfer framework by adopting more flexible commercialization strategies, fostering stronger university-industry collaborations, and improving governmental responsiveness. While Hungary's system differs from Israel's, elements of the Israeli model could be adapted to strengthen Hungary’s technology transfer capabilities.