A Framework for Mapping Urban Spatial Evolution: Quantitative Insights from Historical GIS and Space Syntax in Xi’an

This study examines Xi’an’s spatial evolution using Historical GIS (HGIS) methodologies, integrating Space Syntax and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE). Analyzing six historical periods—from the Five Dynasties to the early PRC—it highlights Xi’an’s transformation from a centralized structure reinforcing political hierarchies to a decentralized, polycentric city shaped by economic diversification and industrialization. Centralized layouts in the early periods supported governance and military control, while the Ming and Qing periods saw decentralization driven by trade and cultural exchange via the Silk Road. The PRC era introduced industrial expansion, creating specialized zones but reducing the integration of the historical core. This study bridges historical narratives with quantitative spatial analysis, revealing often-overlooked socio-spatial dynamics. It offers lessons for urban planning, emphasizing polycentric development, adaptive reuse of historical spaces, and equitable growth. Balancing modernization with heritage preservation is a key theme, providing a sustainable model for historic cities. By integrating historical and spatial analysis, this research provides strategies to balance cultural heritage with urban development. This ensures that Xi’an remains a dynamic city that blends history and modernity.