Optimization and Performance Evaluation of Implantable Rectennas for Enhanced Wireless Power Transfer Efficiency for Medical Applications

Recent advancements in wireless power transfer (WPT) via radio frequency (RF) technology have significantly impacted the development of implantable medical devices (IMDs), including pacemakers, neurostimulators, and drug delivery systems. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the optimization and performance evaluation of implantable rectennas, which are essential for converting electromagnetic energy into direct current (DC) power, thereby enabling the sustained operation of IMDs without reliance on batteries. The research addresses critical design considerations such as power conversion efficiency, biocompatibility, and the dimensional and operational frequency specifications of the antennas. To ensure safety and accuracy, a human tissue model incorporating specific absorption rate (SAR) limitations was employed to simulate rectenna performance within the human body. The results indicate that the optimized rectennas achieve a remarkable RF-to-DC conversion efficiency of up to 97.84%, surpassing the capabilities of prior models. Furthermore, advancements in 3D printing and material science have contributed to the miniaturization and improved functionality of rectennas, offering significant potential for enhanced power management in biomedical applications.