Biosynthesis and Characterization of TiO₂ Nanoparticles Using Allium Sativum Peel Extract with Detailed Optical Properties

In this study, TiO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> nanoparticles have been effectively synthesized by eco-friendly biosynthesis method using the Allium sativum peel extract. The extract functioned as reducing and capping agent, replacing conventional chemicals in nanoparticle synthesis. The synthesized nanoparticles underwent characterization via X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and UV-vis spectroscopy. The XRD investigation affirmed the formation of pure anatase phase TiO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> nanoparticles with a crystallinity of $\sim \mathbf{7 6 \%}$. Crystallite size was estimated to be 9.66 nm using the Scherrer equation and 8.41 nm via the Williamson-Hall plot analysis. Rietveld refinement was utilized to ascertain the lattice parameters, cell volume, and X-ray density. The FESEM analysis revealed spherical-shaped TiO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> nanoparticles with a size range of $10-60 \mathrm{~nm}$ and an avg. size of 29.11 nm. The UV-vis spectroscopy absorption profile of the TiO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> nanoparticles exhibited a single, broad absorption peak at 354 nm wavelength region. The Tauc plot analysis based on the absorption profile indicated a bandgap of 3.06 eV.