The Complete <i>Spitzer</i> Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (CS<sup>4</sup>G)

Context. The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S 4 G), together with its Early Type Galaxy (ETG) extension, stands as the most extensive dataset of deep uniform mid-infrared (mid-IR; 3.6 and 4.5 μm) imaging for a sample of 2817 nearby ( d &lt; 40 Mpc) galaxies. However, the velocity criterion used to select the original sample results in an additional 422 galaxies without H I detection that should have been included in the S 4 G on the basis of their optical recession velocities. Aims. In order to create a complete magnitude-, size-, and volume-limited sample of nearby galaxies, we collected 3.6 μm and i -band images using archival data from different surveys and complemented it with new observations for the missing galaxies. Since most, but not all, of these galaxies have a Hubble type in Hyperleda T HL &gt; 0, we denote the sample of these additional galaxies as disc galaxy (DG) extension. We present the Complete Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (CS 4 G), encompassing a sample of 3239 galaxies (S 4 G+ETG+DG) with consistent imaging, surface brightness profiles, photometric parameters, and revised morphological classification. Methods. Following the original strategy of the S 4 G survey, we produced masks, surface brightness profiles, and curves of growth using masked 3.6 μm and i -band images. From these profiles, we derived the integrated quantities, including total magnitude, stellar mass, concentration parameter, and galaxy size, converting between optical i -band and 3.6 μm. We also re-measured these parameters for the S 4 G and ETG to create a homogenous sample. We present new morphologically revised T -types, and we showcase mid-IR scaling relations for the stellar mass, galaxy size, concentration index, and morphological type. Results. Our new masking procedure increases the number of pixels masked out by a factor of five, improving the masking of fainter regions over previous S 4 G data. Our photometric parameters from i -band imaging yield measurements consistent with the original sample (S 4 G) and its ETG extension in the 3.6 μm band. The new DG extension consists of galaxies with a wide morphological range (−5 &lt; T HL &lt; 10) and a mass range of 6 &lt; log( M ⋆ / M ⊙ ) &lt; 11. The galaxies in the DG sample have an average mass of log( M ⋆ / M ⊙ ) = 9.21, an average galaxy isophotal radius at 25.5 mag arcsec −2 of R 25.5 = 7.1 kpc, and an average concentration index of C 82 = 2.92. Conclusions. We completed the S 4 G sample by incorporating 422 galaxies into the original dataset. The new galaxies constitute 15% of the total previous sample (S 4 G+ETG), but in the lower-mass range ( M ⋆ &lt; 10 9 M ⊙ ), and the disc galaxy extension increases the sample by 36%. The CS 4 G includes at least 99.94% of the complete sample of nearby galaxies, meeting the original selection criteria based on a comparison with the NED database. We make the images and surface brightness profiles available to the community together with the conjunct catalogue of the whole CS 4 G dataset with consistent photometric measurements for 3239 galaxies. The CS 4 G will enable a wide set of investigations into galaxy structure and evolution, and it will complement the optical, near-IR, and mid-IR imaging that will obtained in the coming years with Euclid , Rubin, Roman , and other research projects.

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Journal
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published
2025-04-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451641
Citations
2
Primary Topic
Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
2.38
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article

The Complete Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (CS4G)

E. Laurikainen, P. M. Sánchez-Alarcón, J. H. Knapen, Dennis Zaritsky et al.
2 citations
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
2.38
article

The Complete Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (CS4G)

E. Laurikainen, P. M. Sánchez-Alarcón, J. H. Knapen, Dennis Zaritsky, J. Janz, Barry F. Madore, S. Comerón, J. Román, R. F. Peletier, A. E. Watkins, Miguel Querejeta, A. Bosma, J. L. Hinz, Seppo Laine, Luis C. Ho, Dimitri Alexei Gadotti, Benne W. Holwerda, Karín Menéndez‐Delmestre, Jarkko Laine, E. Athanassoula, T. Kim, H. Salo, Kartik Sheth, Jin Koda, A. E. N. Ruokanen, R. Buta, M. M. Anetjarvi, J.M. Falcón-Ramírez
article en
2 citations

Abstract

Context. The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S 4 G), together with its Early Type Galaxy (ETG) extension, stands as the most extensive dataset of deep uniform mid-infrared (mid-IR; 3.6 and 4.5 μm) imaging for a sample of 2817 nearby ( d &lt; 40 Mpc) galaxies. However, the velocity criterion used to select the original sample results in an additional 422 galaxies without H I detection that should have been included in the S 4 G on the basis of their optical recession velocities. Aims. In order to create a complete magnitude-, size-, and volume-limited sample of nearby galaxies, we collected 3.6 μm and i -band images using archival data from different surveys and complemented it with new observations for the missing galaxies. Since most, but not all, of these galaxies have a Hubble type in Hyperleda T HL &gt; 0, we denote the sample of these additional galaxies as disc galaxy (DG) extension. We present the Complete Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (CS 4 G), encompassing a sample of 3239 galaxies (S 4 G+ETG+DG) with consistent imaging, surface brightness profiles, photometric parameters, and revised morphological classification. Methods. Following the original strategy of the S 4 G survey, we produced masks, surface brightness profiles, and curves of growth using masked 3.6 μm and i -band images. From these profiles, we derived the integrated quantities, including total magnitude, stellar mass, concentration parameter, and galaxy size, converting between optical i -band and 3.6 μm. We also re-measured these parameters for the S 4 G and ETG to create a homogenous sample. We present new morphologically revised T -types, and we showcase mid-IR scaling relations for the stellar mass, galaxy size, concentration index, and morphological type. Results. Our new masking procedure increases the number of pixels masked out by a factor of five, improving the masking of fainter regions over previous S 4 G data. Our photometric parameters from i -band imaging yield measurements consistent with the original sample (S 4 G) and its ETG extension in the 3.6 μm band. The new DG extension consists of galaxies with a wide morphological range (−5 &lt; T HL &lt; 10) and a mass range of 6 &lt; log( M ⋆ / M ⊙ ) &lt; 11. The galaxies in the DG sample have an average mass of log( M ⋆ / M ⊙ ) = 9.21, an average galaxy isophotal radius at 25.5 mag arcsec −2 of R 25.5 = 7.1 kpc, and an average concentration index of C 82 = 2.92. Conclusions. We completed the S 4 G sample by incorporating 422 galaxies into the original dataset. The new galaxies constitute 15% of the total previous sample (S 4 G+ETG), but in the lower-mass range ( M ⋆ &lt; 10 9 M ⊙ ), and the disc galaxy extension increases the sample by 36%. The CS 4 G includes at least 99.94% of the complete sample of nearby galaxies, meeting the original selection criteria based on a comparison with the NED database. We make the images and surface brightness profiles available to the community together with the conjunct catalogue of the whole CS 4 G dataset with consistent photometric measurements for 3239 galaxies. The CS 4 G will enable a wide set of investigations into galaxy structure and evolution, and it will complement the optical, near-IR, and mid-IR imaging that will obtained in the coming years with Euclid , Rubin, Roman , and other research projects.

Astronomy and AstrophysicsVol. 697
Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR), California Institute of Technology (US), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), University of Arizona (US), University of Hertfordshire (GB), University of Louisville (US), University of Turku (FI), Universidad de La Laguna (ES), University of Groningen (NL), University of Alabama (US), Turku Centre for Computer Science (FI), Durham University (GB), Carnegie Institution for Science (US), Peking University (CN), Aix-Marseille Université (FR), Specim (Finland) (FI), Kyungpook National University (KR), Elektrobit (Finland) (FI), University of Chicago (US), Valongo Observatory (BR), Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE), Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences (CN), Carnegie Observatories (US), Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (ES), Spanish National Observatory (ES), Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (US), Stony Brook University (US), University of Oulu (FI)
Openalex Percentile: Top 13%
Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
2.38
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