The Complete <i>Spitzer</i> Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (CS<sup>4</sup>G)
Context. The Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S 4 G), together with its Early Type Galaxy (ETG) extension, stands as the most extensive dataset of deep uniform mid-infrared (mid-IR; 3.6 and 4.5 μm) imaging for a sample of 2817 nearby ( d < 40 Mpc) galaxies. However, the velocity criterion used to select the original sample results in an additional 422 galaxies without H I detection that should have been included in the S 4 G on the basis of their optical recession velocities. Aims. In order to create a complete magnitude-, size-, and volume-limited sample of nearby galaxies, we collected 3.6 μm and i -band images using archival data from different surveys and complemented it with new observations for the missing galaxies. Since most, but not all, of these galaxies have a Hubble type in Hyperleda T HL > 0, we denote the sample of these additional galaxies as disc galaxy (DG) extension. We present the Complete Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (CS 4 G), encompassing a sample of 3239 galaxies (S 4 G+ETG+DG) with consistent imaging, surface brightness profiles, photometric parameters, and revised morphological classification. Methods. Following the original strategy of the S 4 G survey, we produced masks, surface brightness profiles, and curves of growth using masked 3.6 μm and i -band images. From these profiles, we derived the integrated quantities, including total magnitude, stellar mass, concentration parameter, and galaxy size, converting between optical i -band and 3.6 μm. We also re-measured these parameters for the S 4 G and ETG to create a homogenous sample. We present new morphologically revised T -types, and we showcase mid-IR scaling relations for the stellar mass, galaxy size, concentration index, and morphological type. Results. Our new masking procedure increases the number of pixels masked out by a factor of five, improving the masking of fainter regions over previous S 4 G data. Our photometric parameters from i -band imaging yield measurements consistent with the original sample (S 4 G) and its ETG extension in the 3.6 μm band. The new DG extension consists of galaxies with a wide morphological range (−5 < T HL < 10) and a mass range of 6 < log( M ⋆ / M ⊙ ) < 11. The galaxies in the DG sample have an average mass of log( M ⋆ / M ⊙ ) = 9.21, an average galaxy isophotal radius at 25.5 mag arcsec −2 of R 25.5 = 7.1 kpc, and an average concentration index of C 82 = 2.92. Conclusions. We completed the S 4 G sample by incorporating 422 galaxies into the original dataset. The new galaxies constitute 15% of the total previous sample (S 4 G+ETG), but in the lower-mass range ( M ⋆ < 10 9 M ⊙ ), and the disc galaxy extension increases the sample by 36%. The CS 4 G includes at least 99.94% of the complete sample of nearby galaxies, meeting the original selection criteria based on a comparison with the NED database. We make the images and surface brightness profiles available to the community together with the conjunct catalogue of the whole CS 4 G dataset with consistent photometric measurements for 3239 galaxies. The CS 4 G will enable a wide set of investigations into galaxy structure and evolution, and it will complement the optical, near-IR, and mid-IR imaging that will obtained in the coming years with Euclid , Rubin, Roman , and other research projects.
Authors
- E. Laurikainen
- P. M. Sánchez-Alarcón (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6278-9233)
- J. H. Knapen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1643-0024)
- Dennis Zaritsky (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5177-727X)
- J. Janz
- Barry F. Madore (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-1676)
- S. Comerón (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7398-4907)
- J. Román
- R. F. Peletier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7621-947X)
- A. E. Watkins (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4859-3290)
- Miguel Querejeta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0472-1011)
- A. Bosma
- J. L. Hinz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3339-0546)
- Seppo Laine (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1250-8314)
- Luis C. Ho (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6947-5846)
- Dimitri Alexei Gadotti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1775-2367)
- Benne W. Holwerda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4884-6756)
- Karín Menéndez‐Delmestre (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3153-5123)
- Jarkko Laine (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8182-7282)
- E. Athanassoula
- T. Kim
- H. Salo
- Kartik Sheth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5496-4118)
- Jin Koda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8762-7863)
- A. E. N. Ruokanen
- R. Buta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2154-8203)
- M. M. Anetjarvi
- J.M. Falcón-Ramírez
Institutions
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Arizona (US)
- University of Hertfordshire (GB)
- University of Louisville (US)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Universidad de La Laguna (ES)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- University of Alabama (US)
- Turku Centre for Computer Science (FI)
- Durham University (GB)
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Peking University (CN)
- Aix-Marseille Université (FR)
- Specim (Finland) (FI)
- Kyungpook National University (KR)
- Elektrobit (Finland) (FI)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Valongo Observatory (BR)
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences (CN)
- Carnegie Observatories (US)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (ES)
- Spanish National Observatory (ES)
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (US)
- Stony Brook University (US)
- University of Oulu (FI)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Published
- 2025-04-01
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451641
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.38