Achieving 40.34% Efficiency in KGeCl₃ Solar Cells with Ag₂S ETL and Cu₂O HTL via SCAPS 1D Simulation Optimisation

This paper presents a comprehensive study on enhancing the efficiency of KGeC1<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) using Ag2S as a ETL and Cu2o as an HTL through SCAPS 1D simulation optimization. The study investigates how several characteristics, such as material thickness, doping concentration, and defect density, affect important performance indicators such as Power conversion efficiency (PCE), open -circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), and short-circuit current density (Jsc). The optimized structure achieved a remarkable PCE of 40.34%, attributed to a balanced optimization of material thickness and defect management. The findings indicate that increased thickness enhances J sc and PCE initially but adversely affects FF and Voc. Additionally, optimizing the doping concentration significantly improves the overall performance by enhancing charge transport and reducing recombination. This study highlights the great efficiency that KGeC13 PSCs can achieve and offers ideas for future solar technology development and optimization.