Reinforcing synergy between circular economy in tourism and decarbonization in waste sector using digitalization: Case study in Taipei and Sukunan (Indonesia) in promoting carbon neutrality

Waste recycling heralds a vital agenda in the circular economy (CE) to leverage emission reduction targets. However, the role of digitalization in waste management (WM) is underexplored, and the literature remains fragmented. This study explores the synergy between CE principles in tourism and decarbonization in the waste sector through digitalization, using case studies from Taipei (Republic of China) and Sukunan (Indonesia). By examining the integration of digital tools in WM systems, the study highlights how these cities leverage technology to promote net-zero emissions and sustainable practices, particularly in the context of tourism. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative data from focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews and secondary data analysis. The findings reveal that digitalization has significantly improved WM efficiency, resource recovery (RR) and carbon footprint reduction in both study areas. Notably, the study demonstrates that tourism plays a role in driving these digitalization efforts, particularly through the adoption of CE practices in WM. The results suggest that digital solutions, when tailored to local contexts, can accelerate decarbonization and enhance sustainability. In Sukunan, technological adoption generated 780 new jobs and raised average household incomes by USD 45 monthly. These initiatives reduced landfill waste by 30% and cut CO₂-equivalent emissions by about 0.3 million metric tonnes annually. Taiwan's 'Pay-As-You-Throw' (PAYT) system is a benchmark, showcasing effective WM and resource recovery practices. Digitalization is projected to trim WM costs by 35%, reduce annual expenses by 3.6%, generate USD 493 billion in revenue over decades and subdue global CO₂ emissions by 15% by 2030. Overall, this work emphasizes the potential for replicating such strategies in other cities, with consideration for local conditions, to achieve sustainability and decarbonization goals in the tourism and WM sectors.