Harnessing advanced molecular diagnostics and bioinformatics to ascertain antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE organisms

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global concern that escalates morbidity, death, and healthcare expenditures. Adding to this concern is the increase of AMR in ESKAPE pathogens-borne infections. ESKAPE ( Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Enterobacter species ) was defined by the World Health Organisation and are the focus organisms for healthcare-associated infection globally. The early and efficient detection of AMR in these organisms is the need of the hour for combating widespread nosocomial infections. The review explores advanced molecular detection methods of AMR, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), DNA microarrays, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and clarifies their functions in detecting resistance genes and expediting the diagnostic process. Additionally, it investigates the use of proteomics methods for assessing AMR profiles, such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and MALDI-TOF/MS providing insights into their potential for quick detection of pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the review discusses cutting-edge techniques including DNA aptamers and biosensors, which are only recently being explored for AMR detection. Many insilico approaches involve genomics, structural biology, and systems biology, and are gaining popularity among molecular biologists due to the rapid advancements in bioinformatics. These approaches can be helpful and provide valuable information to annotate and validate AMR results for ESKAPE pathogens. Advancements in technology have reduced the adverse impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on global health systems by enabling the rapid detection of resistant bacteria. • AMR in ESKAPE pathogens is a rising global concern, increasing morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. • Early AMR detection is key to preventing infections, with NGS, DNA microarrays, and LAMP improving speed and accuracy. • Advancing technology aids global health by enabling efficient, cost-effective, and precise AMR detection.