The Relationship Between Sunspot Numbers and Coronal Mass Ejections Within an 11-Year Solar Cycle

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the detailed relationship between the number of sunspots and the occurrence of coronal mass ejections within a complete eleven-year solar cycle, with the intention of elucidating the influence of various solar dynamo regimes on these phenomena. Theoretical Framework: This research is grounded in the flux transport dynamo theory, which explains the interplay between regimes dominated by advection and those dominated by diffusion. This framework provides a robust basis for understanding the observed double-peaked behavior of sunspot cycles and the corresponding modulation of coronal mass ejections. Method: A comprehensive comparative analysis has been performed using sunspot data obtained from the traditional Wolf number series and coronal mass ejection records derived from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory LASCO coronal mass ejection catalog. Detailed time series and correlation analyses were employed in order to rigorously assess the interrelationship between sunspot counts and the frequency of coronal mass ejections. Results and Discussion: The analysis reveals a statistically significant positive correlation between sunspot numbers and coronal mass ejection frequency. In addition, a pronounced hysteresis effect is observed between the ascending and descending phases of the cycle, indicating that while sunspots are a primary indicator of solar activity, additional eruptive phenomena contribute substantially to the generation of coronal mass ejections. Research Implications: The findings provide valuable insights that have significant implications for improving the predictive capabilities of space weather forecasting models. Originality/Value: By associating distinct solar dynamo regimes with variations in coronal mass ejection activity, this study offers a novel and integrative perspective that contributes substantially to the advancement of solar physics..