Design and Development of a High-Accuracy IoT System for Real-Time Load and Space Monitoring in Shipping Containers

In a scenario where fuel costs are notably high and the policies that we are currently witnessing tend to limit the fossil fuel resource that powers most heavy goods transport services, the optimization of space in vehicles transporting these goods, such as trucks and shipping containers, becomes an indisputable and urgent need. This urgency is manifested in the need to minimize the costs associated with transport, given its increasing growth. This experiment aims to study and implement an Internet of Things (IoT)-based solution to the problem previously presented. The developed system comprises a computer and a millimeter-wave (mmWave) sensor. The computer processes the data captured by the sensor through code in Python language and displays, through a web page allocated in a cloud/server, the volume occupied by the load, as well as the percentage of occupied and free space, considering the volume provided by the user. The validation tests consisted of checking the results in 2D and 3D, all carried out in a controlled environment focused on the detection of static objects. For the 3D analysis, the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm was used to obtain the points for extracting the volume of the detected object. Several objects with different dimensions were used and the error ranged from 0.6% to 7.61%. These results denote the confirmation of the reliability and efficacy of the presented solution. With this, it was concluded that this new solution has significant potential to enter the market and compete with other existing technologies.