U.S. Geological Survey global seabed mineral resources

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides science and data on seabed mineral resources and ecosystems, as well as any potential hazards associated with extraction.The Nation relies on minerals for infrastructure, technology, manufacturing, and energy production.Critical minerals (USGS, 2022a) are essential to the economic and national security of the United States and have a supply chain vulnerable to disruption.For decades, USGS scientific innovation has contributed to the delineation of seabed mineral resources, the mechanisms of seabed mineral formation, and the environmental impacts of resource extraction.Since 1962, the USGS has also led scientific inquiries into the potential for deep sea mining.By providing impartial science on seabed minerals and their environmental setting in the deep oceans, the USGS enables decision-makers to evaluate the best practices