DOES THE SYNERGY OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL APPROACHES SOLVE THE CHALLENGE OF HEAT STRESS IN DAIRY COWS? AN EXAMPLE OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND METABOLIC-HORMONAL IMBALANCE

Heat stress (HS) significantly impacts dairy cow productivity and welfare, primarily by inducing metabolic and hormonal imbalances, particularly insulin resistance. By examining the underlying mechanisms of HS-induced insulin resistance and its downstream consequences, we evaluate the efficacy of biotechnological strategies like genetic selection and rumen microbiome manipulation, alongside medical approaches such as nutritional supplementation and hormonal therapies in addressing this complex challenge. This review highlights the importance of a holistic approach, combining advanced biotechnologies with targeted veterinary interventions to develop effective strategies for improving dairy cow resilience to HS and ensuring sustainable milk production in a changing climate.