Process for the Production of Vaccines in Basic Steps

Abstract Understanding the complexity and cost factors associated with vaccine production is essential for informing decision-making by companies, governments, and policymakers considering investments in vaccine manufacturing for immunization and outbreak response. Top multinational companies are well aware of the complex manufacturing processes, the high technological and R&D barriers to market entry and the costs associated with vaccine production. Policymakers in developing countries, donors and investors, however, may not be aware of the factors that continue to limit the number of new manufacturers and have led to attrition and consolidation among existing manufacturers. Through providing a general and consolidated overview of these requirements, we aim to raise awareness in the global community of the benefits and costs of vaccine manufacturing and the challenges associated with maintaining a constant supply.