Acute and long-term neurological manifestations of Covid-19: insights from virology and neurology

Introduction This literature review examines the profound impact of Covid-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, on the nervous system. While the virus is predominantly associated with respiratory complications, emerging evidence highlights its strong neurotropic potential, leading to a broad spectrum of neurological disorders. This review explores the convergence of virology and neurology, emphasizing both acute and long-term neurological consequences of the disease. Methods A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies were selected based on their relevance to the pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and prolonged neurological effects of Covid-19. Preference was given to peer-reviewed research, including meta-analyses and clinical case reports published between 2020 and 2024. Results The review identifies various pathways through which SARS-CoV-2 affects the nervous system, including direct neuroinvasion and systemic inflammatory responses. Acute neurological conditions such as encephalitis, stroke, and Guillain-Barré syndrome have been frequently reported, while chronic complications include cognitive dysfunction, neurodegenerative disorders, and psychiatric disturbances. These findings highlight the intricate and enduring neurological burden of Covid-19. Conclusion Neuro-Covid presents an ongoing challenge in the post-pandemic landscape. A deeper understanding of its neurological implications is essential for enhancing patient management and shaping future research directions. This review highlights the importance of increased clinical vigilance and a multidisciplinary strategy to effectively address the complex and evolving spectrum of Covid-19-related neurological disorders.