Natural lutein from microalgae for aquaculture/mariculture: Benefits and mechanisms of action

Lutein is a widespread carotenoid in the world, which is characterized by remarkable antioxidant activity. The impact of lutein for the treatment of chronic inflammation disorders makes it an important supplement for the support of active human longevity. Lutein can inhibit the proinflammatory NF-kappaB pathway, Nox-enzyme and VEGF-related pathologies. Despite the lack of a provitamin activity, it is often denoted as “the eye vitamin”. The main aim of this mini-review is an analysis of possible mechanisms of lutein effects focusing on their superior antioxidative/“vitamin” role in human health and aquaculture/mariculture. Recent publications clearly demonstrate the ability of lutein to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis in both neuronal and muscle cells. It stimulates the tissue respiration and, most likely, it explains the accelerated nervous system development in neonatal children treated with lutein and lutein benefits for aqua/mariculture. Comparisons of characteristics of natural lutein and natural/synthetic astaxanthin included in this review allow the evaluation of their beneficial potentials. One of the most important advantages of natural vs. artificial substances is associated with natural carotenoid esterification and secondary structures. A comparative study of natural lutein and astaxanthin generation techniques illustrates the need for the development of new methods for fast and massive natural carotenoid production. Thus, the optimization of natural lutein production in cultivated microalgae may be considered as an important option in the further development of the carotenoid industry. All the important updates mentioned above for natural lutein will be summarized in this review.