The impact of nanoparticle-diesel blends on fuel properties, combustion efficiency, and emissions

Diesel engines are critical to global energy systems but are significant contributors to air pollution, emitting harmful pollutants such as NOx, CO, HC, and PM. Addressing these challenges requires innovative fuel modifications to enhance efficiency and reduce emissions. This study explores the effects of five nanoparticle additives—ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MWCNTs, and MgO—on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines. The objective was to assess their influence on fuel properties, combustion efficiency, and exhaust emissions. Nanoparticle-diesel blends were prepared at varying concentrations, and performance tests were conducted using a single-cylinder diesel engine under different load conditions. Key findings reveal that ZnO and TiO 2 significantly reduced BSFC by 6.3 % and 5.9 %, respectively, while MgO improved BTE by 8.3 %. Emissions of CO and HC were reduced by up to 25 % with ZnO and TiO 2 , though NOx levels increased slightly due to higher combustion temperatures. These results highlight the potential of nanoparticles to improve diesel engine efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Future studies should focus on optimizing nanoparticle concentrations and exploring hybrid additive systems to further enhance performance and mitigate emissions.