Modelling and Simulation of a Formula 1 Power Unit for 2026 and Predicting Formaldehyde Levels

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The transition to fully sustainable fuels, like ethanol, for <span class="xref">Formula 1</span> power units in 2026 introduces challenges related to engine performance and emissions. The lower energy content of these fuels can have a negative impact on power output, while the increased levels of formaldehyde produced during combustion pose an environmental concern. This study aims to evaluate engine performance while meeting the FIA’s 2026 regulations using numerical simulations and to develop a method for estimating formaldehyde emissions produced during combustion. An F1 power unit model was developed in GT-Suite, incorporating all relevant regulations for 2026. The model was validated against literature data for combustion characteristics, such as laminar and turbulent flame speeds, and friction losses. Additionally, compliance with operational limits, such as energy flow restrictions, was confirmed. Suitable elementary and global reaction mechanisms for formation and destruction of formaldehyde were identified from literature and incorporated into the fully developed predictive combustion model in GT-Suite. The study evaluated engine performance between 7000 and 15000 rpm for maximum power output for E20 fuel. Estimated formaldehyde levels using chemical kinetic modelling were compared against experimental data obtained from literature for E50 and E100 at different engine loading conditions. Rate-determining reaction steps were identified for partial engine loads. This work provides a scheme for optimizing the performance of the 2026 F1 engine and predicting the formaldehyde emissions levels.</div></div>