[Paper] Appearance-and-Spectral-Based Identification System for Penguin Individuals

We present a system for identifying individual penguins in flock images by combining appearance-based penguin detection with RGB images and spectral-based penguin identification with hyperspectral (HS) information. For the spectral-based identification, we propose a classification and ensemble approach inspired by the observation that many animals have similar color patterns. For example, penguins typically have black and white coloration, with consistent color distributions across individuals. The proposed system's effectiveness was experimentally validated with a mean Average Precision (mAP) metric. The proposed Appearance-and-Spectral-Based identification system significantly outperformed conventional appearance-based and spectral-based systems.