Aliens vs. paper wasps: new records of Darwin wasps parasitizing social wasps in Brazil

This study reports new associations between Ichneumonidae and social wasps, contributing to the under-standing of the ecological relationships between species and expanding current knowledge of their geo-graphic distribution. We identified a total of five Ichneumonidae species associated with colonies of five species of social wasps. Additionally, we established new hosts and occurrence records for these Ichneu-monidae species, highlighting the diversity of ecological interactions between parasitoids. These findings provide valuable information for understanding parasitoid-host dynamics and reinforce the importance of fur-ther research on the biogeography and ecological roles of Ichneumonidae.