Distribution Characteristics and Disaster Risks of Ancient Opera Stages in Hunan Province

Focusing on 219 existing ancient opera stages in Hunan Province, this study integrates GIS spatial analysis with the AHP-entropy model to exam-ine their spatial distribution and disaster risk characteristics. The findings reveal a generally discrete distribution pattern (R=1.86), with high-density clusters in southern and western Hunan. Spatial evolution follows a tempo-ral sequence, shifting from a southern concentration during the Ming and Qing dynasties to multi-directional expansion in the late Qing and Republic periods. A total of 72 stages are located in key geologic hazard zones, and 169 are threatened by floods, particularly in mountainous and low-lying ar-eas. Based on disaster risk zoning, a hierarchical protection strategy is pro-posed— emphasizing structural reinforcement and digital monitoring in high-risk areas, and drainage improvements with community participation in sec-ondary zones. The study establishes a “distribution–risk–response” frame-work, providing a scientific basis for the preventive conservation of tradi-tional opera heritage under climate change.