TRANSGENIC APPROACHES FOR ENHANCING NUTRITIONAL CONTENT IN WHEAT

Background: Wheat is a major staple crop consumed globally and serves as a primary source of calories and protein, particularly in developing countries. However, it is inherently deficient in key micronutrients such as iron, zinc, and provitamin A, leading to widespread nutritional deficiencies among populations heavily reliant on wheat-based diets. Objective: This review explores recent transgenic approaches aimed at enhancing the nutritional profile of wheat through genetic modifications that increase the levels of essential vitamins and minerals. Main Discussion Points: The review discusses advances in biotechnological interventions such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, biolistic methods, and nanoparticle-based gene delivery systems for the introduction of nutrient-specific genes, including ferritin, ZIP transporters, and phytoene synthase (PSY). These strategies have shown success in enhancing iron, zinc, and beta-carotene levels in wheat grains. Further, the role of transcriptional regulatory elements, tissue-specific promoters, and transcription factors is highlighted in improving gene expression and nutrient accumulation. The application of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology for precise gene modifications is also reviewed. Despite these advancements, challenges such as transformation efficiency, regulatory hurdles, and public perception remain barriers to widespread adoption. Conclusion: Transgenic biofortification holds strong potential to combat micronutrient malnutrition and contribute to global food and nutrition security. Future directions involve multi-gene stacking and integration with sustainable agricultural practices to maximize impact.