RFID Antenna Deployment Model and Anti-Collision Algorithms to Enhance Vehicle Toll System Efficiency

This paper proposes a standard applications of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system to manage vehicles at electronic toll gate system without compromising the vehicle speed. The existing electronic toll gate system has low latency as each car needs to wait in a queue for passing the gate. Installation of reader antenna at each lane makes the system expensive. We propose a two-ray ground model for using minimal reader antenna to define required antenna height and downtilt angle to cover the total gate area. We estimate that reader antenna at a height of 15 m and 45.4° downtilit angle are required for optimal signal reception from the car at a distance of 35–38 m. Modified Pulse Protocol algorithm is suggested for mitigating reader collision and increase throughput and utilization of the system by 14.71% and 15.2% respectively. The probability distribution function of the contention window is modified to triangular function. The M-ary Trimming Q-tree protocol is suggested to resolve the tag collision by trimming the idle nodes from the query tree, which reduces identification time. The total time slot decreases with higher elements, and the total throughput also increases to 98%. The “no-lane” strategy established a fast, efficient and cost effective vehicle toll collection system.