Experimental temperature measurements with thermal transducers

The paper reviews experimental methods of temperature measurements using various types of thermometers, including liquid-glass thermometers, conductive resistance temperature transducers, and thermoelectric transducers. The principles of functioning, constructional features, working temperature ranges, and equations of resistance versus temperature are described. To improve the accuracy of measurements, methods of error correction are considered, in particular, parallax errors and incomplete immersion of the thermometer in the measuring medium, the necessity of introducing a compensation for temperature of free ends of thermocouples. The measurement procedure includes a step-by-step determination of temperature, resistance, and thermal electromotive force for conductive and thermoelectric transducers, followed by finding the temperature according to graduation tables. Examples of calculations using the procedure are described by comparing the tabulated and measured temperature values, which makes it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of using these temperature transducers when measuring certain temperatures in a thermostat. Examples of calculating the actual temperature based on the resistance of platinum and copper thermometers are provided, as well as the thermoelectric force of Chromel-Copel thermocouples.