Association of BMI and interleukin gene polymorphism with lifestyle risk factors in diabetes mellitus

Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a significant global health challenge, with a particularly high prevalence among genetically predisposed populations. Environmental and lifestyle factors can activate susceptibility genes, heightening the risk of developing diabetes. Investigating the interplay between genetic and environmental factors is critical for effective T2DM management. This study examines the relationship between body mass index (BMI), the interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene polymorphism (rs2243250), and lifestyle factors among T2DM patients from Northern India. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 175 T2DM patients were categorized into three BMI groups as follows: normal weight, overweight, and obese. Demographic data were collected via surveys, and genotyping was performed using the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and odds ratios (OR) calculated to assess the risk associated with the IL-4 polymorphism. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The heterozygous CT genotype of the IL-4 rs2243250 polymorphism was significantly associated with obesity, observed in 58.13% of obese patients, compared to 40.68% in the overweight group and 20% in the normal BMI group. Most patients (82) were treated with a combination therapy of metformin, pioglitazone, and glimepiride, effectively improving triglycerides, HbA1c, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and blood glucose levels across all BMI categories. Conclusion: The TT genotype of the IL-4 rs2243250 polymorphism may protect against elevated BMI in T2DM patients. Further studies are needed to unravel the complex interactions between genetic polymorphisms, BMI, and lifestyle factors to enhance diabetes management strategies.