Recent advances in dental technology: Innovations in early detection and prevention of cavities

In dentistry, detecting cavities in the early stages of development has traditionally been difficult due to the acoustic properties of teeth. Cavities are typically detected through the use of visual or radiographic procedures, both of which carry limitations. Visual procedures for initial detection are sensitive to different marginal defects and frequently cannot differentiate between a marginal defect and initial decay. X-rays, another crucial method for detecting caries, are not always capable of detecting them. Limitations in current detection methods prompt research efforts to develop innovative technologies. Over the years, dental researchers have developed and tested different modalities and tools to detect caries and perform minimally invasive dentistry to prolong the life of natural teeth. Areas of development either complement existing technologies or provide distinct advantages over the present standard of care. This chapter focuses on recent advances in detecting and preventing fissure caries. A single modal imaging modality referred to as broadband digital imaging detects caries and aids in excising them by providing and displaying their extent to clinicians. Broadband digital imaging combines polarized white light images and near-infrared fluorescence excited by a low-cost light-emitting diode to excite caries, experiencing reduced scatter conditions in a scattering medium. Displacement of excited dark regions in sampled polarization resolution elements to one side of an anti-scatter ridge in the modulation profile helps locate and display the depth of extensive caries. Additionally, broadband digital imaging aids in evaluating the progress of dental sealants that are used to prevent caries, and aligning regions of fluorescence with subsurface plaque is of concern, allowing the modification of placement patterns. The work on broadband digital imaging is initiated in vitro and is also being pursued in vivo to enable in-office use. Broadband digital imaging results are further supported through experimental studies, theoretical simulations, and inter-rater evaluations.