The Connections of the Iberian Peninsula States with the Golden Horde

The purpose of the article is to study the relations between the populations of the Iberian Peninsula and the Golden Horde. Research materials: Written sources, archaeological data (ceramics, numismatics, etc.). Novelty and results of the study: For the first time, the article specifically examines the little-studied connections during the 13th–15th centuries between the Iberian Peninsula and the Jochid Ulus. Information is collected from various written sources of the 13th–15th centuries, created in the territory of the Iberian Peninsula and reporting on the Golden Horde, as well as written sources related to the activities of immigrants from the Iberian Peninsula to the territory of the Jochi Ulus (engaged in diplomacy, trade, and missionary activity). Some of the sources (Catalan Atlas, “Book of acquaintance with all kingdoms”) contain unique information related to the Golden Horde. Additional sources about the connections under consideration are information about slaves from Eastern Europe who came to Catalonia from the Northern Black Sea region as a result of trade. The data of numisma­tics (coins of Aragon from the territory of the Golden Horde), archaeological finds (Spanish ceramics from the Golden Horde cities of the Crimea, the Volga region, etc.), heraldry and epigraphy data from the Crimea include items that have become known only in recent years. Material sources document the existence of the considered connections. The article also considers the possibility of contacts between Spain and the Crimean Khanate in the 16th–17th centuries.