Mechanisms and Management of Dysmenorrhea: Current Understanding and Novel Therapeutic Directions

Dysmenorrhea significantly impacts the quality of life and health of many women worldwide, with primary dysmenorrhea being a major component. Primary dysmenorrhea is primarily driven by the excessive production of prostaglandins, which are responsible for regulating uterine contractions and the shedding of the endometrium. While prostaglandins are essential for normal bodily functions, their overproduction during menstruation leads to severe cramps and considerable pain. In this review, we examine the key biological pathways that contribute to dysmenorrhea, along with the mechanisms behind current treatment strategies and their effectiveness. Based on the current understanding of dysmenorrheas underlying mechanisms and the insights gained from the reviewing process, we propose potential new drug targets for treatment. Furthermore, we offer comprehensive recommendations for managing dysmenorrhea, combining the results of the further analysis of our previous survey data. We also emphasize the significance of interdisciplinary research, with collaboration across various fields to enhance our understanding and improve the comprehensive management of dysmenorrhea, ultimately benefiting women's health and well-being more effectively.